DIRECT AND INDIRECT ( CONCEPT PART 2)

As I told you to solve the problem of narration we have to first know about the types of sentences.so we are going to learn first sentences

TYPES OF SENTENCES

1 Assertive sentence-(declarative/statement)- the sentence which express yes/no sense .

                                Ex-  he is a student (yes sense)

                                 she was not a nurse (no sense)

 ( A) Affirmative sentence- the sentence which express yes sense.

                 Ex- you are a good student

 (B) Negative sentence - the sentence which express no sense.

                 Ex- She is not a good girl.                                      

2 Interrogative sentence- the sentence which is used to ask a question.

 (a) yes- no question- the sentence start with auxiliary verb

           such as is/am/are/was/were/has/have/do/does/did.. etc.

               Ex-  Are you naughty?    (yes -no question)

                   Do you read a novel?  (yes -no question)

  (b) wh-question- the sentence start with wh-words or interrogative words.

          such as what/when/why/where/whom/who.. etc.

        

3 Imperative sentence - the sentence which express order, advice, request, command etc.

                affirmative imperative

                 Ex- bring a glass of water.

                        stand up

                        sit down

                negative imperative

          Ex-   don't bring a glass of water.

                    don't stand up.

            

4 Optative sentence - the sentence which express wish or desire.

                  Ex- may you live long!

                         may god bless you!

   (generally optative sentence starts with may but it isn't necessory)

5 Exclamatory sentence - the sentence which express some sudden feelings of mind as -                         joy, sorrow, surprise, suspicion, hate, applause, wonder...etc

         Ex- he said, "Alas! i am ruined."

           the player said, "hurrah ! the cup is ours."

Above we discussed about types of sentences now we are going to learn the concept how to change sentences from direct to indirect.

GENERAL RULE

1. CHANGE OF PERSON

2. CHANGE OF TENSE

3.CHANGE IN OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

 

1. CHANGE OF PERSON - while changing from direct to indirect, all the persons inside the double inverted commas will change according to the SON rule.

                                    

S	O	N
1	2	3

 

S= subject of reporting verb	1= first person
O= object of reporting verb	2= second person
N= no change	3= third person

 

RULE 1

If the subject of reported speech is in first person (I /we) then it will change according to the number, person and case of the subject of reporting verb.

DIRECT -     he said to me," I am busy".

INDIRECT - he told me that he was busy.

RULE 2

If we is used as universal truth in reported speech then we should not change it.

Direct – they said, “we can’t live without water.”

Indirect- they said that we can’t live without water.

RULE 3

If magazine, editor, newspaper uses we,us or our for themselves then we should change it in IT or ITS according to case.

Direct- the times of india says, “Our office will remain closed on next Monday”.

Indirect- the times of india says that its office will remain closed on next Monday.

RULE 4

There will be no change in number and case while changing the person.

persons	Nominative case	Objective case	possessive	case
			Possessive adjective	Possessive pronoun
First person	I	me	my	mine
	we	us	our	ours
Second person	you	you	your	yours
Third person	he	him	his	his
	She	Her	Her	hers
	It	It	Its	*
	they	them	their	theirs

 

  2. CHANGE IN TENSE

REPORTING VERB	REPORTED SPEECH
Present and future tense	No change in tense
Past tense	(present tense)
	Simple present – simple past
	Present continuous – past continuous
	Present perfect – past perfect
	Perfect continuous – past perfect continuous
	(past tense)
	Simple past – past perfect
	Past continuous – past perfect continuous
	Past perfect – no change
	Past perfect continuous – no change
	(future tense)
	Shall/will – should/would
	Shall be – should be
	Will be – would be
	Shall have – should have
	Will have been –would have been

 NOTE-

can	could
may	might
Is/am/are	Was/were
Has/have	had
Have to+v1	Had to+v1
Had to+v1	Had had to+v1

 

Ex – she said to me, “ I had no time for you.”

Indirect – she told me that she had no time for me.

Direct – he said, “ I had to do the work”.

Indirect – he said that he had had to do the work.

NOTE

If could, should, would, might are used in reported speech then there will be no change in indirect speech.

3. CHANGE IN OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

The words expressing nearest meaning will change into distant meaning.

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
This	That
These	Those
Here	These
Now	Then
Thus	So
Hence	Thence
Today	That day
Tomorrow	The next day/the following day
Yesterday	The previous day/the day before
The day before yesterday	Two days before
The day after tomorrow	In two days’ time
Last week	The previous week/the week before
Last month	The previous month
Next week	The following week
A year ago	A year before